What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)? How is it different from Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL)?

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the broad field of building systems that can perform tasks requiring human intelligence — reasoning, perception, decision-making, language understanding. AI — the umbrella discipline. Includes rule-based systems, search algorithms, expert systems, and learning-based approaches. Machine Learning (ML) — a subset of AI where systems learn patterns from data instead of being explicitly programmed. Covers algorithms like Linear Regression, Decision Trees, SVM, K-Means. Deep Learning (DL) — a subset of ML that uses deep neural networks with many layers to learn hierarchical representations. Powers modern image recognition, speech, and LLMs like GPT and Claude. Hierarchy: AI ⊃ ML ⊃ DL. Every DL model is ML and AI, but not every AI system uses ML (e.g., a hand-coded chess engine is AI but not ML). Don't define AI, ML, and DL in isolation — show how they nest. AI is the umbrella, ML is a subset that learns from data, DL is a subset of ML that uses deep neural networks. Mention a concrete example for each (rule-based chess engine = AI, spam filter = ML, GPT = DL) to anchor the answer.